ISTANBUL ( BYZANTION, CONSTANTINIYE, CONSTANTINAPOLIS)
Although Istanbul is not the capital. Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey as the leading industrial, commercial and cultural center. Population of the city is estimated to be more than 18 million. https://www.turkeysdailytours.com/istanbul-old-city-tour.html
The City is situated on both sides of Bosphorus, the strait that seperates Europe from Asia. Istanbul Province is bounded in the North by Black Sea, in the east by Kocaeli province, , in the South and southwest by the Marmara Sea and in the West by TekirdaÄŸ province. Located in a large agricultural region, Istanbul province produces Cotton, Fruit, Olive Oil, Tobacco and Silk. The city is the chief seaport and commercial and financial center of Turkey. A large share of trade of Turkey passes throuh Istanbul. Industries in Istanbul include shipbuilding, liquor distilling and the manufacture of cement, cigarettes, food stuffs, glass, leather product and pottery.
The city is an Important rail center with several international lines terminating on the European side and a railroad begining on the Asi aside.
The Oldest Institution of higher education in the city is Istanbul University (1453), other major universities are Istanbul Technical Universty (1773), Marmara Universty(1883), Yıldız Universty(1911) and the Bosphorus Universty, formerly the american College in Istanbul (1863), in which English is still the language of instruction.
Istanbul is the headquarters of Ecumenical Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox church and the archdiocese of the Patriarch of Armenians in Turkey; the City has 157 Christian churches, 3430 Mosques and 20 Synagogues and 12 monasteries.
OLD CITY, ISTANBUL
Istanbul has been surronded by walls four times since the day it was founded.
1-Walls built by Byzas in the 7 BC.
2-Walls built by Septimus Severus in 196 AD.
3-Walls constructed by Constantine I in the 4C AD.
4-Walls of Theodosius II, the 5C AD
Final walls of Istanbul are among the longest walls in Europe with a lenght of 21 km:
a)- Inland Walls between the Marmara Sea and Golden Horn: 7 km
b)- Walls facing Golden Horn :5km
c)- Walls facing the Marmara Sea:8 Km
Among these, Inland walls are the strongest which consist of inner walls and also outer walls with moats in front of them. Ä°n the walls of Istanbul there are more than 50 gates and 300 bastions.
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